You could say that PricewaterhouseCoopers consultant Walter Hamscher
began his work with the XML standards consortium XBRL International more than a few years ago
while he was working on his PhD in computer science at MIT.
He was working with artificial intelligence and needed some data to feed
the programs, but was frustrated by the lack of quality in formatting of the
financial data available to him.
Years later he would help write the first version of XBRL
business reporting language, which is a subset of XML
fundamental building block behind the Web services
movement to standardize and enable machines to share and interpret data.
As the organization explains, XBRL uses XML data tags to describe
financial information for public and private companies and other
organizations. XBRL International and other standards bodies work
together to produce specifications and taxonomies that anyone can license
for use in applications. XBRL is also available to license
royalty-free worldwide from XBRL International.
These days, Hamscher spends every waking hour talking, walking, breathing
and preaching his message about how XBRL will revolutionize not only how we
use and share financial data, but how that data will improve how money makes
the world go round.
He recently chatted with internetnews.com about the
timetable of the XBRL revolution.
Q: Can you talk about the mission of XBRL International?
It has over 200 members around the world working on XBRL, which is an XML standard that is meant to facilitate the transfer of financial
information along the business information supply chain.
The idea is by creating a common framework, a common XML standard, you
can accelerate the flow of information to investors and other users.
Q: How would you characterize how business information is currently
exchanged in the electronic world?
It’s very grounded in a paper-based paradigm. The kinds of rules and
regulations that accounting standards bodies put forward are often based on
the presumption that the information is coming to the investor on an 8 1/2-inch by 11-inch sheet of paper. Today, the majority of information that
investors get actually comes over the Internet.
The real difference here is between finding something that allows you to
read a document versus actually being able to get at the data, to be able to
make comparisons between one company or another, or to take advantage of
financial information in a report that has structure to it, and cross
linkages and relationships between pieces of data.
When you’re working in a paper-based paradigm, however, you get a piece of
paper every six months or every quarter. Consequently, changes from one
piece of paper to the next are not that easy to detect. Whereas if you think
of this as exchanging a small database every three months, it’s much easier to
spot trends over time and differences.
Furthermore, if you have a common language for describing the data in
those documents, then it becomes possible to compare different enterprises,
and longitudinally, that is, to compare different entities to one another.
Q: Can you talk about the process of coming up with taxonomies, and
provide some context on how they work with XBRL?
If you look inside any organization’s accounting system, everything is
consistent or it wouldn’t work. The customer account number is called the
customer account number, the employee number is called the employee number,
and so on.
No accounting system exists in a vacuum. Many companies have a whole host
of different financial reporting they have to do, that isn’t always captured
entirely within their accounting system. There’s always supplemental
information, regulatory reports, information for business partners — so a
whole host of different kinds of financial reporting occurs outside of that
central accounting system. And the larger it is, the more likely that it has
different reporting systems running.
XBRL creates a common language in which a data point like a customer
number or employee ID, or amount or currency, are always called the same
thing and so an app that needs to consume that (data) will know what to do
with that.
In HTML, for contrast, you have designations like ‘b’ for bold and ‘i’ for
italics. Well, in the financial world, there’s a vast variety and a much
larger vocabulary than that. With XBRL general ledger standards, for
example, there are well over 50 different data items in order to capture
what are called journal entries in an accounting system. A journal entry
might be, say, a $1,000 credit to an account.
There is a lot of other business information that’s often packed into
those records, or entries. If you ever used a personal accounting package,
there are the memo (data) fields, credits and debits data, and so on. The
XBRL general ledger standard is basically a consistent way of naming all
those different parts.
It’s very useful because there are sorts of systems that feed an
accounting system, that feed what are effectively journal entries to an
accounting system. Now, once you get to a level of an enterprise, there are
also financial reporting standards that can involve hundreds if not
thousands of distinct concepts. Sure, everybody knows what sales, revenues
and expenses and fixed assets are. But any reasonable company has a huge
variety of different disclosures that are mandated by law both in this
country and others.
In the U.S., we have a GAAP (generally accepted accounting principles)
taxonomy, which is what we call a whole collection of concepts encoded in XBRL,
with well over 1,000 different data items. It’s a very large task, something
that’s been in development for over two years, but it’s nearing completion.
Right now, there’s really not a piece of software that can go and extract
the revenue recognition policy of one company at a given point, and then go
and get the corresponding policy at another point. There is no reliable way
to do that.
XBRL makes that possible. The reason that’s important is because so much
of what goes on in financial reporting isn’t really about the numbers, but
about the explanation that sits behind the numbers. If I tell you I have
receivables of $1 million, you might ask, well, is that $999,999 from one
customer? That’s a very important question in order to understand the real
value of those receivables.
So the development of XBRL is a base language on which these richer
taxonomies of terms are then built. There are dozens of these taxonomies
under development or already published. In Japan, for example, the (main)
stock exchange is now accepting financial information in XBRL format, and
they have a taxonomy that represents Japanese accounting standards. At the
FDIC (Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation), they’re developing a taxonomy for bank reporting, Britain’s version of
the IRS has one for British tax filings, and so on.
Then we have the largest of the taxonomies, the US GAAP taxonomies and
what are called the international accounting standards (IAS), which are
basically the accounting standards used by the rest of the world other than
the US. It has its own very large taxonomies.
The point is that XBRL is a base language with an emerging large number
of taxonomies built in XBRL in order to capture different accounting
standards, just like the IT industry has its own, such as RosettaNet.
Q: Can you describe some of the more difficult issues you face with
the accounting descriptions?
Take the term for (recognizing) intangible assets, which is a very big
issue (in the accounting and financial industry). So you could say, ‘look
our ‘vocabulary’, our taxonomy is going to have the term intangible assets,
period.’ So if you create an XBRL document, you either disclose all the
intangible assets as one; (or) the other philosophy is that there are 17 different kinds of intangible
assets. List them all. Agree on the names for them all. Make sure they don’t
overlap too much. Make sure there’s accounting reference literature that
explains what each one is, and then include all those in your taxonomy.
You want to be able to drive down into detail as much as you can because
there’s a huge amount of variability in what people report in financial
terms. If you force them to do what XBRL allows them to do, which is
essentially to invent and publish new terms, then that can damage
interoperability.
If it’s ubiquitous, that is, if people always have a category of
intangibles called patents, then you really ought to create an element
called patents; same if you have copyrights. But if you have biological
assets, well, it’s not clear that it is ubiquitous enough to put into a
common vocabulary.
So take that kind of question and multiply it a hundred times over and
consider all the interactions between all these terms. It’s a complicated
job. You really need experts (for the effort), people who live and breathe
accounting standards.
Q: Why isn’t the Securities and Exchange Commission mandating the use
of XBRL?
Well, they have other things on their minds. All government agencies I
think wisely follow the market and won’t mandate technology standards until
they have been widely accepted by the marketplace and will be successful.
There’s also a lot going on at the SEC, such as (enforcement of) the
Sarbanes Oxley Act and reform of accounting rules.
But, speaking as the chairman of XBRL International, I think it’s great
that the SEC shows interest in XBRL. They’re technically astute.
The FDIC, for example, collects
quarterly information from all of the banks as part of its monitoring for
possible bank failures. It’s building a next generation system, which they
expect to go live in 2004. It will be based on XBRL and deployed both inside
the bank and with (banks’) call reports that go to the FDIC and then back
out again to the investment community.
There are other agencies close to the FDIC, such as the Federal Reserve
Board and the Office of Thrift Supervision and so on that are also looking
at XBRL.
In addition, the UK’s own version of the IRS is going to be launching a
corporate tax filing system later this year and they in fact will be
mandating (the use of) XBRL sometime in the future. That’s some years away
with a period of transition. So the point is there are many agencies around
the world at different places along that adoption path.
One of the most important uses of XBRL, we think, is actually as a way of
integrating financial information within an enterprise, such as within a
bank for credit analysis, or in its own internal reporting and
consolidation.
Among (major enterprise) software providers building in support for XBRL
in their products include PeopleSoft, Oracle, JD Edwards, Hyperion, which
is considered the market leader in financial reporting and adoption of this.
We currently have 26 software vendors out of 50 in the consortium that
support XBRL in their products. So we’ll be seeing the emergence of a
variety of XBRL-enabled applications in the coming year.
